We recently identified the adhesive protein osteopontin as a novel smooth muscle cell product overexpressed in rat developing neointima and human atheroma. Although osteopontin is a candidate stimulant for intimal lesion progression because of its chemotactic and calcium binding functions, factors controlling osteopontin expression in arteries remain poorly defined. In vitro, smooth muscle cell expression of osteopontin is associated with cell cycle transit or alterations in cell phenotype, and it is increased by angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. In the present studies, we investigated both osteopontin expression and DNA replication in the arterial wall in response to chronic Ang II infusion in vivo. Rat carotid arteries with or without intimal thickening (induced by balloon catheterization) were examined. Ang II (250 ng/kg per minute) or vehicle was coinfused with bromodeoxyuridine (to label replicating DNA in vivo) for 2 weeks beginning 4 weeks after injury. With Ang II, smooth muscle cells overexpressed osteopontin as shown by protein immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Northern blot analyses. Osteopontin mRNA levels were increased markedly (approximately fivefold) in the normal artery media and injured artery neointima, but levels remained low in the injured artery media, in positive correlation (R²=0.88, P<.001) with DNA replication in the smooth muscle layers, further suggesting that osteopontin may be a growth-associated, phenotype-dependent gene for smooth muscle cells. However, osteopontin expression in neointima was not restricted to areas showing DNA replication, suggesting a nonobligatory association. Ang II induced severe hypertension. Arterial osteopontin expression was increased also by chronic catecholamine infusion, a model of vascular growth stimulation showing labile pressure elevations. Osteopontin induction in smooth muscle cells may contribute to Ang II–dependent intimal lesion progression and vascular remodeling events associated with renovascular diseases or hyperadrenergic disorders.